Bethink Yourselves! is a late philosophical essay in which Tolstoy fiercely condemns war, written against the backdrop of the Russo-Japanese War. He exposes how violence is disguised as patriotism and justice while those in power remain untouched by its consequences. Educated elites and leaders are portrayed as morally compromised figures who incite killing under noble pretexts, revealing a deep contradiction within so-called civilization. Drawing on the teachings of Jesus, Tolstoy argues that true morality cannot coexist with organized violence and calls for nonviolence guided by conscience. The essay ultimately urges individuals to reflect on their personal responsibility and choose compassion and moral integrity over obedience and aggression.
