Ruskin critically examines the industrial society of Victorian England by exploring the effects of labor, commerce, warfare, and economic systems on human life. He argues that work has been reduced to mere profit-making, causing people to lose dignity, joy, and moral purpose. Viewing economy not simply as numbers and markets but as a structure shaping human happiness and community, he challenges the foundations of conventional political economy. Through discussions of commerce, money, government, and leadership, he insists that true wealth must include morality and the well-being of society. This part forms the core of Ruskin’s social criticism and economic philosophy.
